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Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) features three main symptoms: (1) re-experiencing the trauma, (2) avoidance of trauma reminders, and (3) a persistent sense of threat (Karatzias et al., 2017; Veic, 2025) and often affects military personnel (Provan et al., 2024).
The standard treatments for PTSD include medications (e.g., serotonin reuptake inhibitors; SSRIs), psychotherapy (e.g., cognitive processing therapy; CPT), and eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing, known as EMDR (Provan et al., 2024). Many veterans face barriers to accessing care (Rozek et al., 2023; Veic, 2023), and interest in equine-assisted services (EAS) for this population is increasing. EAS uses horses for therapy, learning, and…